Ihrm Reflects the Interest of Hr Managers Who May Seek to Promote Their Own Interests Rather Than the Needs of Organisations. Essay Example

Ihrm Reflects the Interest of Hr Managers Who May Seek to Promote Their Own Interests Rather Than the Needs of Organisations. Essay Report Question: IHRM reflects the interest of HR managers who may seek to promote their own interests rather than the needs of organisations. Nowadays, many people might think that International Human Resource Management (IHRM) is synonymous with expatriate management. However, IHRM covers more than just the management of expatriates. According to Laurent (1986, pp. 91-93), IHRM is a set of activities aimed managing organisational human resources at international level to achieve organisational goals and achieve competitive advantage over competitors at national and international level. IHRM includes typical HRM functions such as human resource planning, recruitment, selection, placement, training and development, performance appraisal and compensation at international level and additional activities such as global skills management, expatriate management and so on. According to Scullion (1995, pp352-353), IHRM has become more important in recent years for a number of reasons. First, global activities and global competitions has been increasing rapidly. As the Multinational Companies increase in number and influence, the role of IHRM in those companies grows in significance. Secondly, the effectiveness of International Human Resource Management is now recognised as a major determinant and key source of success or failure in international business. Dowling, Festing and Engle (2008, pp. 9) state that International business has more competitive advantage if they have successful management, and there has been consistent evidence to suggest that business failures in the international arena are often linked to poor management of human resources. Besides, the nature of IHRM has grown more complex over the years. We will write a custom essay sample on Ihrm Reflects the Interest of Hr Managers Who May Seek to Promote Their Own Interests Rather Than the Needs of Organisations. specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ihrm Reflects the Interest of Hr Managers Who May Seek to Promote Their Own Interests Rather Than the Needs of Organisations. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ihrm Reflects the Interest of Hr Managers Who May Seek to Promote Their Own Interests Rather Than the Needs of Organisations. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Managing people from different backgrounds and cultures in a global environment presents and encounters many challenges. IHRM is highly dynamic and constantly evolving. It involves the same activities and dimensions as domestic HRM but operates on a much larger scale. There is more internal and external influence in IHRM. According to Dennis and Randall (2004, pp. 22-25), there are huge differences between domestic HRM and International HRM (IHRM). Firstly, domestic HRM is concerned with managing employees  belong  to one nation and IHRM is concerned with anaging  employees  belong to many nations including host-country, parent country and third country employees. Languages and jargons become communication barriers in IHRM. Secondly, domestic HRM is concerned with managing limited number of HRM activities at national level and IHRM has concerned with managing additional activities such as global skills and expatriate  management. Lastly, domestic HRM is less complicated due to less influence from the external  environment. IHRM is very complicated as it is affected heavily by external factors such as cultural distance and institutional factors. All the evidences show that IHRM is more complicated than domestic HRM, as a result, there is higher level of risks and more influence into employees’ lives and family situation. One of the biggest issues is IHRM reflects the interest of HR managers who may seek to promote their own interests rather than the needs of organisations. Firstly, Dowling, Festing and Engle (2008, pp. 5) stress that, One of the key features of IHRM as distinct from domestic HRM are expatriates (an ‘employee who is working and temporarily residing in a foreign country). † This statement reflects the uncertainty of employee’s position and duty in IHRM. Due to the differences between domestic HRM and IHRM, when HR managers work in an international organisation, they will realize the uncertainty of their job where they might encounter great difficulties in managin g employees, that came from different nations, gender and mixed workforce. In order to secure their job, according to Steven, Mara and Tony (2010, pp. 44-46) HR manager tend to promote their personal interests but neglect the needs of organisations. Secondly, according to Mark, peter and Rae (2012, pp. 416-428), â€Å"The employment relations climate of an organisation has considerable impact on employees’ performance. † It shows evidence that poor employment relations may also affect HR managers’ motivation and morale. Poor employment relation and conflict may lead to low productivity, failure in promoting and achieve organisational needs. HR managers focus on their own interest rather than the needs of organisations. Thirdly, when HR managers working and temporarily residing in a foreign country, they are unfamiliar with the new environment, they are lack of information about the organisation’s objectives, background and needs. HR managers found that it is difficult to achieve organisation goals. Lastly, organisation have poor performance management will also lead to HR managers ignored the organisation’s needs. HR managers did not get enough standard to follow. In order to improve these situations, there are several methods that organisation can do to solve and prevent HR managers tend to promote their own interests rather than the needs of organisations in IHRM. Steven, Mara and Tony (2010, pp. 363-365) indicate that a better workspace design such as cloister employees into team spaces can improve workplace communication. A better communication channel at workplace can reduce uncertainty at work, especially in IHRM, employees are from different nations, these can encourage sufficient interaction between HR managers and their colleagues. Less uncertainty in workplace, HR managers are more willing to achieve the needs of organisations. Secondly, according to Mark, peter and Rae (2012, pp. 209-222), organisation can improve employment relations by setting up trade unions, giving HR managers and employees a channel to express their opinions and negotiations. In IHRM, some of the headquarters and Branch Company of international business are not in the same country, trade unions can make the communication easier. Organisation should also give feedback to them. Better employment relations can improve employees’ productivity and achieve better performances. Thirdly, organisation should provide enough information of organisational structure, background, objectives, standards and expectations to HR managers. Provide clear guidelines can avoid confusion. In addition, according to Raymond and Colin (2009, pp. 2-8), organisation can also provide training when they recruit new HR managers or new placement. Lastly, organisation should improve performance management, appropriate management can improve HR managers performance and increase motivation. Besides, organisation can match the employee interest to job tasks to achieve higher performances. Listen to managers opinion and discuss objectives together can also achieve higher performance. In conclusion, HR managers tend to promote their own interests rather than the needs of organisations in IHRM because of uncertainty, poor employment relations, lack of organisations’ support and information and poor performance management. It is hard to say those entire problems are because of HR managers, both HR managers and organisations are responsible for the problem. HR managers and organisations should work together to overcome those problems in achieving the needs of organisations. (Word Count: 1066 words) Reference list Dennis, RB Randall, SS 2004, International Human Resource Management: Policy and practice for the global enterprise, 2nd edn, Routledge, New York. Dowling, P, Festing, M Engle, SR 2008, International Human Resource management, Cengage Learning, Melbourne. Laurent, A 1986, ‘The cross-cultural puzzle of international human resource management’, International Studies of Management and Organization, vol. 5, issue 1, pp. 91-102, viewed 8 September 2012, . Mark, B, Peter, W Rae C 2012, Employment Relations: Theory and Practice, 2nd edn, McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Limited, Australia. Raymond, AN Colin, W 2009, Employee Training and Development: For Australia New Zealand, 1st edn, McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Limited, Australia. Scullion, h 1995, International human resource management, in J. Storey edn, Human Resource Ma nagement, London. Steven, M, Mara, O Tony, T 2010, Organisational behaviour on the Pacific Rim, 3rd edn, McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Limited, Australia.

Free Essays on Second Language Acquisition

and sentences. Others are more globally oriented, needing to experience overall patterns of language in meaningful contexts before making sense of the linguistic parts and forms. Some learners are more visually oriented, others more geared to sounds. Motivation According to Deci and Ryan (1985), intrinsic motivation is related to basic human needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Intrinsically motivated activities are those that the learner engages in for their own sake because of their value, interest, and challenge. Such activities present the best possible opportunities for learning. Classroom interaction Language learning does not occur as a result of the transmission of facts about language or from a succession of rote memorization drills. It is the result of opportunities for meaningful interaction with others in the target language. Therefore, lecturing and recitation are not the most appropriate modes of language use in the second language classroom. Teachers need to move toward more richly interactive language use, such as that found in instructional conversations (Tharp & Gallimore, 1988) and collaborative classroom work (Adger, Kalyanpur, Peterson, & Bridger, 1995). Conclusion While this digest has focused on the second language acquisition process from the perspective of the language, the learner, and the learning process, it is important to point out that the larger social and cultural contexts of second language development have a tremend... Free Essays on Second Language Acquisition Free Essays on Second Language Acquisition The Learning Process When we think of second language development as a learning process, we need to remember that different students have different learning styles, that intrinsic motivation aids learning, and that the quality of classroom interaction matters a great deal. Learning styles Research has shown that individuals vary greatly in the ways they learn a second language (Skehan, 1989). Some learners are more analytically oriented and thrive on picking apart words and sentences. Others are more globally oriented, needing to experience overall patterns of language in meaningful contexts before making sense of the linguistic parts and forms. Some learners are more visually oriented, others more geared to sounds. Motivation According to Deci and Ryan (1985), intrinsic motivation is related to basic human needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Intrinsically motivated activities are those that the learner engages in for their own sake because of their value, interest, and challenge. Such activities present the best possible opportunities for learning. Classroom interaction Language learning does not occur as a result of the transmission of facts about language or from a succession of rote memorization drills. It is the result of opportunities for meaningful interaction with others in the target language. Therefore, lecturing and recitation are not the most appropriate modes of language use in the second language classroom. Teachers need to move toward more richly interactive language use, such as that found in instructional conversations (Tharp & Gallimore, 1988) and collaborative classroom work (Adger, Kalyanpur, Peterson, & Bridger, 1995). Conclusion While this digest has focused on the second language acquisition process from the perspective of the language, the learner, and the learning process, it is important to point out that the larger social and cultural contexts of second language development have a tremend...

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MicroEconomics Homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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The Socio Cultural Analysis Marketing Essay

The Socio Cultural Analysis Marketing Essay Finance/Accounting Human Resource Marketing Department Sales Distribution Relation Management Customer ICT Department Production Operation Research and Development Finance The science that describes the administration, conception and study  of money, banking, credit, investments, assets and liabilities. Finance consists of economic systems, which include the public, private and government seats,  and  the study of finance and financial instruments, which can transmit to numerous assets and liabilities. Some desire to divide finance into three different categories: public finance, company finance and private finance. All three of which would contain many sub-categories. Human Resource Human  resources (HR) is a phrase that is used in business to refer to the people who work for a corporation or association. It also is used to refer to the section of a company that is liable for managing those resources, such as hiring and training new human resources and supervising the benefits and reimbursement packages provided to all of the companys employees.( Deborah  ,2012) Marketing Department The marketing department should act as a channel and lead the companys other departments in developing, producing, satisfying, and servicing goods or services for their customers. Communication is very important. The marketing department normally has a superior understanding of the market and customer requirements, but should not work separately of product development or customer service. Marketing should be concerned, and there should be a meeting of the minds, whenever discussions are held concerning new product development or any customer-related function of the company.( Obringer,2012) Sales Sales department one of the most popular and vital function in every business as sales department is responsible for the sales taking place beside this the department keeps the records of the current levels of sales, the activities of businesss competitors, request of new product from customer and improvement of old product or new design. Distribution A plan formed by the administration of a manufacturing business that specifies how the firm intends to transmit its products to mediators, retailers and end customers. Larger companies involved in making products will typically also put together a detailed production distribution plan to guide it. Relationship management A strategy employed by an organization  in which a continuous level of engagement is maintained between the organization and its audience. Relationship management can be between a business and its customers (customer relationship management) and  between a business and other businesses. Production Operation Any part of the industrial procedure that is treated as a diverse element for the purposes of such plan and organizational considerations as planning, accounting, and control. A production process is characterized by stability in both the labor process and the equipment used by the operator. Distinctions are made between basic technological operations, auxiliary operations, and servicing operations.( SHUKHGALTER, 2010) Research and Development Research and development, often called RD, is a phrase that means different things in different applications. In the world of business, research and development is the phase in a products life that might be considered the products conception. That is, basic science must exist to support the products viability, and if the science is lacking, it must be discovered this is considered the research phase. If the science exists, then turning it into a useful product is the development phase. Further terminology refinements might call it engineering to refine production so that the product can be made for a cost that appeals to consumers.( Harmon,2013) 1.2 International Marketing Services Pvt. Ltd. (IMS) Founded in 1993 is the Authorized Distributer of Samsung Mobiles since 2001 in Nepal, They are the pioneers in the nepalese market in terms of mobile phone importers. Samsung Mobile Nepal (IMS) available to approximately 20 million people by covering all 14 zones of the country and 55 Districts. IMS is the only company to have 4 authorized mobile service centres across different zones which have been providing excellent after-sales services. Samsung Mobile has all kinds of phones with different features as per our needs and even more! A wide range of economic phones as well as high end smartphones made them the leading brand with market share of approx. 80% in the Nepalese smartphone industry. Today, they have the worlds most highly advanced and innovative mobile phones. Strong recommendations from retailers, press reviews, consumer opinions, contribute to a high rate of product referrals, brand recognition and ongoing momentum. Combined, these recommendation channels nourish the connection between Samsung and its community as market share increases. And because they invest wholeheartedly in refining the personalized communications experience, they champion the customer as the hero through every stage of innovation. 2.1 A stakeholder is any individual or organisation that is affected by the activities of a business. They may have a direct or indirect interest in the business, and may be in contact with the business on a daily basis, or may just occasionally.( Riley ,2012) Stakeholders are party that has an interest in an enterprise or project. The primary stakeholders in a typical corporation are its investors, employees, customers and suppliers. However, modern theory goes beyond this conventional notion to embrace additional stakeholders such as the community, government and trade associations. It is true that all stakeholders should to be dealt equally but in reality some are important or influential than others so their influence is likely to be greater in the organization. Every stakeholder is to be considered in order to achieve the goal of the company. But, every stakeholder does not have the same influence in the organization. The influence of a stake holders depend upon the type of the company. In the market oriented company, customers are more influential but in service oriented company like hospitals employee are more influential. But here are going to analyze about the most influential stakeholder, there is always a formulae to calculate and conduct analysis about in business and in this case we can calculate using the formulae Influence=Power*Interest. The idea is to establish which stakeholders have the most influence by estimating each stakeholders individual power over and interest in the organizations affairs. The stakeholder with the highest combination of p ower and interest is likely to be those with actual influence over objectives. Power is the stakeholders ability to influence objective (how much they can), while interest is the stakeholders willingness (how much they care) (ACCAGlobal, n.d.). 3.1 Chocolate is the object of our affection. Its a sensory adventure not only to eat chocolate, but also to smell it and look at it even unwrapping it is exciting.(woods,2010) Over the years, chocolate has   adopted many forms. Its   available not only for making   beverages and confectionaries, but   also for the production of   patisseries and savory dishes   alike. Since the early days of chocolate   making following the invention of   the hydraulic press, chocolate   has been used a gift for many   occasions. Also associated with   feelings of sensory pleasure and   love, it has found a place in our   heart since the very beginning. (woods,2010) Chocolate has taken a strong market all over the world including Nepal. There are many chocolate companies, which have taken market for many years. The successful chocolate companies, which have managed to do pretty well in Nepali market for many years, are KitKat. Kit Kat is a chocolate-covered wafer biscuit bar confection that was created by Rowntrees of York, England, and is now produced worldwide by Nestlà ©, which acquired Rowntree in 1988,except in the United States where it is made under licence by The Hershey Company. Each bar consists of fingers composed of three layers of wafer, covered in an outer layer of chocolate. Each finger can be snapped from the bar separately. Bars typically have 2 or 4 fingers. Single fingered larger Kit Kat Chunky bars are also popular. Market Overview Today Kit Kat has become one of the leading chocolate brand in Nepal. It has successfully become a part of Nepali culture. The KitKat products are being used everywhere by everyone. The KitKat is the most preferred Chocolate produced by Nestle. Kit-Kat can be found in every stores. Therefore we can say that KitKat is one of the best selling chocolate In Nepal. Political Analysis Political factors contain government policy and official issues and define both official and unofficial rules under which the firm must function. Some examples include: (quickmba,nd) tax policy employment laws environmental regulations trade restrictions and tariffs political stability KitKat is one of the best selling chocolate in Nepal so it has to meet all the standard laws and the regulation set by the government of Nepal. If the company didnt meet the standard set by the Government of Nepal, it should pay fine as per the rule. The political situation of Nepal is not stable, The chocolate kitKat may face many problems, as the political condition of Nepal is not stable. The unstable political condition of Nepal, may affect the market of chocolate. As Nepal is on extreme phase, no proper fixed rule has been made so far. People are facing sudden economic problem.Price of daily products are increasing rapidly Therefore, the increase of daily products price will affect the sales of chocolates. Economic Analysis Economic factors influence the purchasing authority of potential customers and the firms cost of capital. The following are examples of factors in the macro economy: (quickmba,nd) economic growth interest rates exchange rates inflation rate Economy means money. Economic is on the key factor of any types of business. KitKat needs to be aware about the economic condition of the country, economic growth rate, and national per person capital income, in which they are willing to start their business. Nepal is one of the developin countries. Many peoples are stil below the poverty line. Poor People cannot afford price of Kitkat. They must look into this and reduce their cost and target those people who are under poverty line also. Unless, KitKat target the poor people also, it cannot reach to every people of Nepal. Socio-Cultural Analysis Social factors consist of the demographic and cultural aspects of the exterior macro environment. These factors influence customer wants and the size of possible markets. Some social factors include: (quickmba,nd) health consciousness population growth rate age distribution career attitudes emphasis on safety Nepal is the country having the people belongs to different cultures and societies. It has different culture, language, good and lifestyle. KitKat will be greatly affected by social and cultural environment of Nepal. KitKat has to developed strategies as per the belief and culture in country like Nepal. KitKat has to develop effective strategies in order to meet different lifestyle according to consumer behavior. Company is very dependent on the consumer lifestyle and their attitude. Product cannot be successful until company has enough knowledge about the social and cultural aspect of the country. KitKat has to consider social and cultural factors in order to achieve their strategic objectives. Technological Aspect Technological factors can worse barriers to entry, reduce least efficient production levels, and influence outsourcing decisions. Some technological factors include: (quickmba,nd) RD activity automation technology incentives rate of technological change Technology is the major aspect of business.Technological change has the most rapid, persistent and profound effect. It creates opportunities for new products and product improvements and of course new marketing techniques over the internet.KitKat uses technology by taking orders via telephone and online by internet. Moreover, KitKat uses technology in various business activities such as record of their customers and employees. However, in context to Nepal, it is still far behind the international standard. Basic technological infrastructures like internet are available here. Which helps the customer to know about new products. Refrences What is Human Resources?. wiseGEEK: clear answers for common questions. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2013. . Obringer, Lee Ann. HowStuffWorks How Marketing Plans Work. HowStuffWorks Business Money. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2013. . What is distribution strategy? definition and meaning. BusinessDictionary.com Online Business Dictionary. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2013. . pros. Finance Definition | Investopedia. Investopedia Educating the world about finance. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2013. . Production Operation definition of Production Operation in the Free Online Encyclopedia.. Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2013. . What is Research and Development?. wiseGEEK: clear answers for common questions. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2013. . pros, following the strategies of the. Stakeholder Definition | Investopedia. Investopedia Educating the world about finance. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2013. . Organisation Stakeholders Ethics. tutor2u | Economics | Business Studies | Politics | Sociology | History | Law | Marketing | Accounting | Business Strategy. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2013. Kit Kat 45gm-BhatBhateni Online Shopping, Send Gifts to Nepal . Online Shopping In Nepal-BhatBhateni Online Shopping, Send Gifts to Nepal . N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2013. . AmeliaJWoods. Introduction to Chocolate. AmeliaJWoods on HubPages. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2013. . Stakeholders Chartered Quality Institute. Quality Management. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. . About HTC. HTC Mobile Phones, Smartphones, Cell Phones, Tablets. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. . Anderson, Chris. Top Ten Core Business Policies and Procedures Bizmanualz. Policies and Procedures Manuals | Business Policy Manual. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. . Core business. Moneyterms: Investment/finance glossary/explanations. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. . Stakeholder Definition. Stakeholder Mapping. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. . Stakeholder Definition. Stakeholder Mapping. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. . PEST Analysis. QuickMBA. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. . Top of Form PEST Analysis. QuickMBA. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. . PEST for Cadburys The Student Room. The Student Room. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. . What Is Chocolate?. wiseGEEK: . N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. . free PEST market analysis template and method, free pest market analysis examples. Businessballs. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. .

Copious Imagery within the Tragedy Othello :: Othello essays

Copious Imagery within the Tragedy Othello  Ã‚        Ã‚   In the Shakespeare’s tragic drama Othello there resides imagery of all types, sizes and shapes. Let us look at the playwright’s offering in this area.    In the essay â€Å"Wit and Witchcraft: an Approach to Othello† Robert B. Heilman discusses the significance of imagery within this play:    Reiterative language is particularly prone to acquire a continuity of its own and to become â€Å"an independent part of the plot† whose effect we can attempt to gauge. It may create â€Å"mood† or â€Å"atmosphere†: the pervasiveness of images of injury, pain, and torture in Othello has a very strong impact that is not wholly determined by who uses the images. But most of all the â€Å"system of imagery† introduces thoughts, ideas, themes – elements of the meaning that is the author’s final organization of all his materials. (333)    The vulgar imagery of Othello’s ancient dominates the opening of the play. Francis Ferguson in â€Å"Two Worldviews Echo Each Other† describes the types of imagery used by the antagonist when he â€Å"slips his mask aside† while awakening Brabantio:    Iago is letting loose the wicked passion inside him, as he does from time to time throughout the play, when he slips his mask aside. At such moments he always resorts to this imagery of money-bags, treachery, and animal lust and violence. So he expresses his own faithless, envious spirit, and, by the same token, his vision of the populous city of Venice – Iago’s â€Å"world,† as it has been called. . . .(132)    Standing outside the senator’s home late at night, Iago uses imagery within a lie to arouse the occupant: â€Å" Awake! what, ho, Brabantio! thieves! thieves! thieves! / Look to your house, your daughter and your bags!† When the senator appears at the window, the ancient continues with coarse imagery of animal lust: â€Å"Even now, now, very now, an old black ram / Is topping your white ewe,† and â€Å"you'll have your daughter covered with a Barbary horse; you'll have your nephews neigh to you; you'll have coursers for cousins and gennets for germans.†    After Brabantio and his search party have reached the Moor, he quiets their passions with imagery from nature: â€Å"Keep up your bright swords, for the dew will rust them.† The senator, thinking that his daughter has been â€Å"enchanted† by the Moor, employs related imagery in his confrontation with the general: â€Å"If she in chains of magic were not bound,† â€Å"foul charms,† â€Å"drugs or minerals / That weaken motion,† â€Å"practiser of arts inhibited,† â€Å"prison,† â€Å"bond-slaves and pagans.

Euro Disney Case Essay

1. Using Hofstede’s four cultural dimensions as a point of reference, what are some of the main cultural differences between the United States and France? Some of the main cultural differences according to Hofstede’s are that France has a high power distance meaning that in these countries people blindly obey the orders of their superiors. In contrast of the United States, which have a lower power distance meaning, that they have lower strata of the workforce but often with highly qualified people. Another Difference is the Uncertainty Avoidance both countries have. For example, France has a strong Uncertainty Avoidance, meaning that their cultures have a great deal of structuring of organizational activities, more written rules, less risk taking by managers, lower labor turnover, and less ambitious employees. Unlike the United States culture that has a weak Uncertainty Avoidance meaning that these cultures are more willing to accept risks associated with the unknown that life must go on in spite of this. As the last difference according to Hofstede’s is the principle of Masculinity, that consist of countries that their dominant values in society are success, money, and things. This principle applies to the United States. As for France, they have a Femininity principle meaning that their dominant values in society is to care for others and quality of life. 2. In what way has Trompenaar’s research helped explain cultural differences between the United States and France? As for Trompenaar’s research both countries are high in Universalism meaning that the focus is more on formal rules than on relationships, business contract are adhered to very closely, and people believe that a deal is a deal. The difference among the countries begins with the High Individualism for the United States. This views people regarding themselves as individuals. For Individualism people ideally achieve things alone, and they  assume a great deal of personal responsibility. In contrast of France Communitarianism referring to people regarding themselves as part of a group. For Communitarianism decisions typically are referred to committees, people achieve things in groups, and they jointly assume responsibility. The study of these differences is similar to Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions however not quite the same for some countries. Another difference between both countries is that the United States has an Achievement culture. This culture refers one in which people are accorded status based on how ell they perform their functions. Achievement culture gives high states to high achievers meaning that people who work more at the end they will have a pay off for their extra effort. In contrast of France that has an Ascription Culture that refers to which status is attributed based on who or what person is. In this type of culture an individual may have high states because of the longevity in a company or simply has a better status for the people they know. In other word if they have connections they get a better status. 3. In managing its Euro Disneyland operations, what are three mistakes that the company made? Explain. The mistakes Euro Disneyland operation had were mainly handling French Culture: 1. Alcohol ban in a culture that having wine is like a religion 2. Disney strict appearance code for employees. The European culture is more open with piercings, tattoos etc. Disney made a handbook of detailed rules on acceptable clothing, hairstyles, and jewelry. This upsetting because French complained that Americans were so insensitive with French Culture 3. Difference in language where the French firms felt strangers in their own country. As an example to this, having French workforce means that their language or accent is not going to be perfect to English speakers or â€Å"Disney Culture.† To exemplify more, whenever an employee tried to practice â€Å"Howdy!† in a cowboy environment, he mispronounced the word to something close to â€Å"Audi.† This could have created a major problem with Disney’s sponsors like Renault. Also Disney placed its first ads for work bid in English, leaving small and medium sized French firms feeling like foreigners in their own land. 4. Based on its experience, what are three lessons the company should have learned about how to deal with diversity? Describe each. One of the lessons Euro Disney faced was putting the park in charge of a French local (Bourguignon). Something that the Tokyo Disney top management handles it well. At the beginning an American was in charge of operations in Euro Disney. Even though he was well identified with the culture is not the same having a local in charge. Second they learned that they had to adapt their â€Å"Disney Culture† more to the European Culture. By trying to change policies like allowing wine for dining purposes and get rid of some uptight dress codes. Third they learned that with seduction they could establish god relations with local residents that would benefit the park in the long run.

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